Disponibilidade de recursos para tratamento da sepse no Brasil: uma amostra aleatória de instituições brasileiras / Availability of resources to treat sepsis in Brazil: a random sample of Brazilian institutions

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a disponibilidade de recursos a partir de amostra aleatória representativa das unidades de terapia intensiva do Brasil. Métodos: Realizou-se um questionário estruturado on-line para ser respondido pelo diretor médico de cada unidade participante do estudo SPREAD (Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database), um estudo de prevalência de um único dia para avaliar o ônus da sepse no Brasil. Resultados: Uma amostra representativa de 277 das 317 unidades convidadas participou por meio de resposta ao questionário estruturado. Em sua maior parte, os hospitais participantes tinham menos que 500 leitos (94,6%), com mediana de 14 leitos na unidade de terapia intensiva. A principal fonte de recursos financeiros para dois terços das unidades pesquisadas era o atendimento de pacientes do sistema público de saúde. Não havia disponibilidade de laboratório de microbiologia próprio em 26,8% das unidades de terapia intensiva pesquisadas, e 10,5% geralmente não tinham acesso à realização de hemoculturas. Em 10,5% das unidades pesquisadas geralmente não estavam disponíveis antibióticos de amplo espectro, e 21,3% das unidades geralmente não podiam obter mensurações de lactato dentro de 3 horas. As instituições com alta disponibilidade de recursos (158 unidades; 57%) eram, em geral, maiores e atendiam principalmente pacientes do sistema de saúde privado. As unidades sem alta disponibilidade de recursos geralmente não dispunham de antibióticos de amplo espectro (24,4%), vasopressores (4,2%) e cristaloides (7,6%). Conclusão: Um número importante de unidades não tem condições para realizar intervenções básicas de monitoramento e terapêutica em pacientes sépticos. Nossos resultados salientam importantes oportunidades que o Brasil tem para melhorar, em termos de adesão a intervenções simples, porém eficazes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize resource availability from a nationally representative random sample of intensive care units in Brazil. Methods: A structured online survey of participating units in the Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database (SPREAD) study, a nationwide 1-day point prevalence survey to assess the burden of sepsis in Brazil, was sent to the medical director of each unit. Results: A representative sample of 277 of the 317 invited units responded to the resources survey. Most of the hospitals had fewer than 500 beds (94.6%) with a median of 14 beds in the intensive care unit. Providing care for public-insured patients was the main source of income in two-thirds of the surveyed units. Own microbiology laboratory was not available for 26.8% of the surveyed intensive care units, and 10.5% did not always have access to blood cultures. Broad spectrum antibiotics were not always available in 10.5% of surveyed units, and 21.3% could not always measure lactate within three hours. Those institutions with a high resource availability (158 units, 57%) were usually larger and preferentially served patients from the private health system compared to institutions without high resource availability. Otherwise, those without high resource availability did not always have broad-spectrum antibiotics (24.4%), vasopressors (4.2%) or crystalloids (7.6%). Conclusion: Our study indicates that a relevant number of units cannot perform basic monitoring and therapeutic interventions in septic patients. Our results highlight major opportunities for improvement to adhere to simple but effective interventions in Brazil.

T helper type cytokines in sepsis: time-shared variance and correlation with organ dysfunction and hospital mortality

ABSTRACT Objective: We evaluated the kinetics of cytokines belonging to the T helper1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 profiles in septic patients, and their correlations with organ dysfunction and hospital mortality. Methods: This was a prospective observational study in a cohort of septic patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICU) of three Brazilian general hospitals. A total of 104 septic patients and 53 health volunteers (controls) were included. Plasma samples were collected within the first 48 h of organ dysfunction or septic shock (0D), after seven (D7) and 14 days (D14) of follow-up. The following cytokines were measured by flow cytometry: Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-17, IL-21, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Results: IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF and IL-10 concentrations were higher in septic patients than in controls (p < 0.001), while IL-12/23p40 presented higher levels in the controls (p = 0.003). IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17 correlated with Sequential [Sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) D0, D1 and D3 (except for IL-6 at D0). IL-8 was associated with renal and cardiovascular dysfunction. In a mixed model analysis, IL-10 estimated means were lower in survivors than in deceased (p = 0.014), while IL-21 had an estimated mean of 195.8 pg/mL for survivors and 98.5 for deceased (p = 0.03). Cytokines were grouped in four factors according to their kinetics over the three dosages (D0, D7, D14). Group 1 encompassed IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, and G-CSF while Group 3 encompassed IL-17 and IL-12/23p40. Both correlated with SOFA (D0) (p = 0.039 and p = 0.003, respectively). IL-21 (Group 4) was higher in those who survived. IL-2, TNF-α and GM-CSF (Group 2) showed no correlation with outcomes. Conclusion: Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines shared co-variance in septic patients and were related to organ dysfunctions and hospital mortality.

Effect of intraoperative intravenous lidocaine on pain and plasma interleukin-6 in patients undergoing hysterectomy / Efeito da lidocaína venosa intraoperatória sobre dor e interleucina-6 plasmática em pacientes submetidas a histerectomia / Efecto de la lidocaína venosa intraoperatoria sobre el dolor e interleucina-6 plasmática en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Interleukin-6 is a predictor of trauma severity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous lidocaine on pain severity and plasma interleukin-6 after hysterectomy. METHOD: A prospective, randomized, comparative, double-blind study with 40 patients, aged 18-60 years. G1 received lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 h-1) or G2 received 0.9% saline solution during the operation. Anesthesia was induced with O2/isoflurane. Pain severity (T0: awake and 6, 12, 18 and 24 h), first analgesic request, and dose of morphine in 24 h were evaluated. Interleukin-6 was measured before starting surgery (T0), 5 h after the start (T5), and 24 h after the end of surgery (T24). RESULTS: There was no difference in pain severity between groups. There was a decrease in pain severity between T0 and other measurement times in G1. Time to first supplementation was greater in G2 (76.0 ± 104.4 min) than in G1 (26.7 ± 23.3 min). There was no difference in supplemental dose of morphine between G1 (23.5 ± 12.6 mg) and G2 (18.7 ± 11.3 mg). There were increased concentrations of IL-6 in both groups from T0 to T5 and T24. There was no difference in IL-6 dosage between groups. Lidocaine concentration was 856.5 ± 364.1 ng mL-1 in T5 and 30.1 ± 14.2 ng mL-1 in T24. CONCLUSION: Intravenous lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 h-1) did not reduce pain severity and plasma levels of IL-6 in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A interleucina-6 (IL-6) é preditora de intensidade no trauma. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da lidocaína por via venosa sobre a intensidade da dor e IL-6 após histerectomia. MÉTODO: O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado, comparativo e duplo-encoberto em 40 pacientes, entre 18 e 60 anos. Foi administrada lidocaína (2 mg.kg-1.h-1) no G1 ou solução salina a 0,9% no G2 durante a operação. A anestesia foi com O2/isoflurano. Foi avaliada a intensidade da dor (T0: despertar e seis, 12, 18 e 24 horas), a primeira solicitação de analgésico, a dose de morfina nas 24 horas. A IL-6 foi medida antes do início da operação (T0), após cinco horas do início (T5) e 24 horas após o término (T24). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença na intensidade da dor entre os grupos. Ocorreu diminuição da intensidade da dor entre T0 e os outros momentos avaliados no G1. O tempo para primeira complementação foi maior no G2 (76,0 ± 104,4 min) do que no G1 (26,7 ± 23,3 min). Não houve diferença na dose de morfina complementar entre G1 (23,5 ± 12,6 mg) e G2 (18,7 ± 11,3 mg). Houve aumento das concentrações de IL-6 em ambos os grupos de T0 para T5 e T24. Não houve diferença na dosagem de IL-6 entre os grupos. A concentração de lidocaína foi 856,5 ± 364,1 ng.mL-1 em T5 e 30,1 ± 14,2 ng.mL-1 em T24. CONCLUSÃO: A lidocaína (2 mg.kg-1.h-1) por via venosa não promoveu redução da intensidade da dor e dos níveis plasmáticos de IL-6 em pacientes submetidas a histerectomia abdominal. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La interleucina-6 (IL-6) es predictora de intensidad en el trauma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la lidocaína por vía venosa sobre la intensidad del dolor e IL-6 después de la histerectomía. MÉTODO: El estudio fue prospectivo, aleatorizado, comparativo y doble ciego en 40 pacientes, entre 18 y 60 años. Fue administrada lidocaína (2 mg/kg-1.h-1) en el G1 o solución salina al 0,9% en el G2 durante la operación. La anestesia fue con O2/isoflurano. Se calculó la intensidad del dolor (T0: despertar y 6, 12, 18 y 24 h), la primera solicitud de analgésico, y la dosis de morfina en las primeras 24 h. La IL-6 se midió antes del inicio de la operación (T0), después de 5 h del inicio (T5) y 24 h después de finalizada (T24). RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia en la intensidad del dolor entre los grupos. Hubo disminución de la intensidad del dolor entre T0 y los otros momentos evaluados en el G1. El tiempo para la primera complementación fue mayor en el G2 (76 ± 104,4 min) que en el G1 (26,7 ± 23,3 min). No hubo diferencia en las dosis de morfina complementaria entre G1 (23,5 ± 12,6 mg) y G2 (18,7 ± 11,3 mg). Hubo aumento en las concentraciones de IL-6 en los 2 grupos de T0 para T5 y T24. No hubo diferencia en la dosificación de IL-6 entre los grupos. La concentración de lidocaína fue 856,5 ± 364,1 ng/ml-1 en T5 y 30,1 ± 14,2 ng/ml-1 en T24. CONCLUSIÓN: La lidocaína (2 mg/kg-1 /h-1) por vía venosa no generó reducción de la intensidad del dolor y de los niveles plasmáticos de IL-6 en pacientes sometidas a histerectomía abdominal. .

Lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus-unexposed Brazilian individuals from birth to adulthood

Ethnic origin, genetics, gender and environmental factors have been shown to influence some immunologic indices, so that development of reference values for populations of different backgrounds may be necessary. We have determined the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in healthy Brazilian individuals from birth to adulthood. Lymphocyte subsets were determined using four-colour cytometry in a cross-sectional study of 463 human immunodeficiency virus-unexposed children and adults from birth through 49 years of age. Lymphocyte subsets varied according to age, as previously observed in other studies. However, total CD4+ T cell numbers were lower than what was described in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1009 (PACTG P1009), which assessed an American population of predominantly African and Hispanic backgrounds until the 12-18 year age range, when values were comparable. Naïve percentages and absolute values of CD8+ T cells, as assessed by CD45RA expression, were also lower than the PACTG P1009 data for all analysed age ranges. CD38 expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was lower than the PACTG P1009 values, with a widening gap between the two studies at older age ranges. Different patterns of cell differentiation seem to occur in different settings and may have characteristic expression within each population.

Acute inflammatory response to transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery peritoneoscopy: An experimental study in swine

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of transgastric peritoneal access on plasma biomarkers of acute inflammatory response in comparison to laparoscopy. METHODS: This was a prospective and comparative study in a porcine model. Transgastric peritoneal access performed by natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery was compared with laparoscopy. Laparotomy and sham groups were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Thirty-four pigs were assigned to receive transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (n = 12), laparoscopy (n = 8), laparotomy (n = 8) or a sham procedure involving only anesthesia (n = 6). In the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery group, peritoneoscopy was performed with a gastroscope via transgastric access. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 24 h after the surgical procedure for measurement of interleukins 1β, 6 and 10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. A complete blood count was performed, and C-reactive protein levels were measured at baseline and at 24 h. RESULTS: All surgical and endoscopic procedures were performed without major complications. Peritoneal cavity inventory showed no signs of peritonitis in any animal. Interleukin 1β, interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were below the threshold of detection. The mean level of interleukin 6 was statistically significantly higher in the laparotomy group than in the other groups (p<0.05), with no significant differences among the sham, laparoscopy and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery groups (p>0.05). C-reactive protein analysis indicated significant increases in all groups, with no differences among the groups. Complete blood count analysis showed no differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the observed interleukin 6 patterns, the systemic inflammatory response resulting from transgastric ...

Late recognition and illness severity are determinants of early death in severe septic patients

OBJECTIVE: To identify the independent variables associated with death within 4 days after the first sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, severe sepsis and septic shock patients were classified into 3 groups: Group 1, survivors; Group 2, late non-survivors; and Group 3, early non-survivors. Early death was defined as death occurring within 4 days after the first sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and submitted to univariate and multinomial analyses. RESULTS: The study included 414 patients: 218 (52.7%) in Group 1, 165 (39.8%) in Group 2, and 31 (7.5%) in Group 3. A multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score after the first 24 hours, nosocomial infection, hepatic dysfunction, and the time elapsed between the onset of organ dysfunction and the sepsis diagnosis were associated with early mortality. In contrast, Black race and a source of infection other than the urinary tract were associated with late death. Among the non-survivors, early death was associated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, chronic renal failure, hepatic dysfunction Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score after 24 hours, and the duration of organ dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Factors related to patients' intrinsic characteristics and disease severity as well as the promptness of sepsis recognition are associated with early death among severe septic patients. .

Avaliação do efeito da cetamina associada à remifentanila na dor pós-operatória / Assessment of the effect of ketamine in combination with remifentanil on postoperative pain / Evaluación del Efecto de la Cetamina Asociada con el Remifentanilo en el Dolor Postoperatorio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A associação de cetamina com remifentanila parece estar relacionada à analgesia de melhor qualidade e duração. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a cetamina associada à remifentanila promove melhora da analgesia pós-operatória. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, aleatório, duplo encoberto em 40 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. A anestesia foi feita com remifentanila, propofol, atracúrio, 50% de oxigênio. Os pacientes do G1 receberam remifentanila (0,4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) e cetamina (5 mcg.kg-1.min-1); os do G2, remifentanila (0,4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) e solução salina. Foi administrado 0,1 mg.kg-1 de morfina no final da operação e a dor pós-operatória foi tratada com morfina, através de analgesia controlada pelo paciente (PCA). A intensidade da dor pós-operatória foi avaliada pela escala numérica de 0 a 10, durante 24 horas. Foram anotados o tempo para primeira complementação analgésica, a quantidade de morfina usada durante 24 horas e os efeitos adversos. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu diminuição da intensidade da dor entre a desintubação e os outros momentos avaliados no G1 e no G2. Não foi observada diferença significante na intensidade da dor entre os grupos. Não houve diferença entre G1 (22 ± 24,9 min) e G2 (21,5 ± 28,1 min) no tempo para a primeira dose de morfina e dose complementar de morfina consumida no G1 (29 ± 18,4 mg) e no G2 (25,1 ± 13,3 mg). CONCLUSÕES: A associação de cetamina (5 mcg.kg-1.min-1) a remifentanila (0,4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) para colecistectomia não alterou a intensidade da dor pós-operatória, o tempo para primeira complementação ou a dose de morfina em 24 horas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The combination of ketamine and remifentanil seems to be associated with better analgesia and duration. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a ketamineremifentanil combination promotes improved postoperative analgesia. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, double blind study of 40 patients undergoing video laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesthesia was performed with remifentanil, propofol, atracurium, and 50% oxygen. Group 1 (GI) patients received remifentanil (0.4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) and ketamine (5 mcg.kg-1.min-1) and Group 2 (G2) received remifentanil (0.4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) and saline solution. Morphine 0.1 mg.kg-1 was administered at the end of the procedure, and postoperative pain was treated with morphine via PCA. We evaluated the severity of postoperative pain by a numerical scale from zero to 10 during 24 hours. We registered the time to the first analgesic supplementation, amount of morphine used in the first 24 hours, and adverse effects. RESULTS: There was a decrease in pain severity between extubation and other times evaluated in G1 and G2. There was no significant difference in pain intensity between the groups. There was no difference between G1 (22 ± 24.9 min) and G2 (21.5 ± 28.1 min) regarding time to first dose of morphine and dose supplement of morphine consumed in G1 (29 ± 18.4 mg) and G2 (25.1 ± 13.3 mg). CONCLUSION: The combination of ketamine (5 mcg.kg-1.min-1) and remifentanil (0.4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) for cholecystectomy did not alter the severity of postoperative pain, time to first analgesic supplementation or dose of morphine in 24 hours.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La asociación de la cetamina con el Remifentanilo parece estar asociada con una analgesia de mejor calidad y duración. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la cetamina asociada al Remifentanilo genera una mejoría de la analgesia postoperatoria. MÉTODO: Se hizo un estudio prospectivo, aleatorio y doble ciego en 40 pacientes sometidos a la colecistectomía videolaparoscópica. La anestesia se realizó con de Remifentanilo, propofol, atracurio y 50% de oxígeno. Los pacientes del G1 recibieron Remifentanilo (0,4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) y cetamina (5 mcg.kg-1.min-1); los del G2, Remifentanilo (0,4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) y solución salina. Fue administrado 0,1 mg.kg-1 de morfina al final de la operación y el dolor postoperatorio se trató con morfina por medio de analgesia controlada por el paciente (PCA). La intensidad del dolor postoperatorio fue mensurada por la escala numérica de 0 a 10, durante 24h. Se anotó el tiempo para la primera complementación analgésica, la cantidad de morfina utilizada durante 24 h y los efectos adversos. RESULTADOS: Ocurrió una reducción de la intensidad del dolor entre el momento de la desentubación y los otros momentos calculados en el G1 y en el G2. No fue observada ninguna diferencia significativa en la intensidad del dolor entre los grupos. No hubo diferencia entre G1 (22 ± 24,9 min.) y G2 (21,5 ± 28,1 min.) en el tiempo para la primera dosis de morfina y dosis complementaria de morfina consumida en el G1 (29 ± 18,4 mg) y en el G2 (25,1 ± 13,3 mg). CONCLUSIONES: La asociación de la cetamina (5 mcg.kg-1.min-1) con el Remifentanilo (0,4 mcg.kg-1.min-1) para la colecistectomía no alteró la intensidad del dolor postoperatorio, el tiempo para la primera complementación o la dosis de morfina en 24h.

Avaliação do efeito preemptivo da s(+)-cetamina por via peridural para histerectomia: concentrações plasmáticas de interleucinas / Evaluation of preemptive effect of epidural s(+)-ketamine for hysterectomy: plasmatic concentrations of interleukins

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Alguns estudos demonstraram que a cetamina inibe a produção de citocinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito analgésico preemptivo e citocinas plasmáticas (IL-6, TNF-α e IL-10) de S(+)-cetamina por via peridural em histerectomia. MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo duplo-encoberto em 29 pacientes. Pacientes do Grupo 1 receberam 13 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25 por cento com 25 mg de S(+)-cetamina 30 minutos antes da incisão cirúrgica, e 15 mL de solução salina fisiológica, 30 minutos após, por via peridural. Pacientes do Grupo 2 receberam 15 mL de salina 30 minutos antes da incisão cirúrgica, seguido por 13 mL de bupivacaína 0,25 por cento, mais 25 mg de S (+)-cetamina 30 minutos após. A analgesia pós-operatória foi feita com bupivacaína e fentanil por via peridural. Quando necessário, foi utilizado 1 g de dipirona. Foram avaliados: concentração de citocinas, intensidade da dor, o tempo da primeira solicitação de analgésico e a quantidade total de analgésico utilizado. RESULTADOS: O tempo para a primeira solicitação de analgésico foi de 61,5 minutos no Grupo 1 e 69,0 no Grupo 2, sem diferença entre os grupos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para a dose total de fentanil usada no Grupo 1 (221,4 µg) e Grupo 2 (223,3 µg). Foi obtido efeito analgésico semelhante nos grupos, exceto em T12 (Grupo 1 = 2,4 ± 3,2; Grupo 2 = 5,5 ± 3,4). Não foi observada diferença entre os grupos na concentração de citocinas. CONCLUSÕES: A injeção de 25 mg de S(+)-cetamina por via peridural antes da incisão reduziu a intensidade da dor apenas 12 horas após a incisão cirúrgica e não alterou a concentração de citocinas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some studies showed that ketamine inhibits the production of cytokines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preemptive analgesic effect of epidural S(+)-ketamine in hysterectomy and plasmatic cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10). METHOD: A double-blinded study with 29 patients was conducted. Patients in Group 1 received 13 mL of 0.25 percent bupivacaine with 25 mg of S(+)ketamine 30 minutes before surgical incision and 15 mL of saline solution via the epidural route 30 minutes after. Patients in Group 2 received 15 mL of saline solution 30 minutes before the surgical incision, followed by 13 mL of 0.25 percent bupivacaine with 25 mg of S(+)-ketamine 30 minutes after. Postoperative analgesia was made with epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl. Dipyrone 1 g was used whenever required. The following paramenters were evaluated: concentration of cytokines, intensity of pain, time of first request of analgesic and total quantity of analgesic used. RESULTS: Time for the first request for analgesics was 61.5 minutes in Group 1 and 69.0 in Group 2, without difference between these groups. There was no difference for total dose of fentanyl used in Group 1 (221.4 µg) and Group 2 (223.3 µg). A similar analgesic effect was obtained in both groups, except in T12 (Group 1 = 2.4 ± 3.2; Group 2 = 5.5 ± 3.4). No differences in concentration of cytokines were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The epidural injection of 25 mg S(+)-ketamine before incision reduced the pain intensity only 12 hours after surgical incision and did not alter concentration of cytokines.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Algunos estudios han demostrado que la cetamina inhibe la producción de citocinas. El objetivo de este estudio, fue evaluar el efecto analgésico de prevención y citocinas plasmáticas (IL-6, TNF-α y IL-10) de S(+)-cetamina por vía epidural en la histerectomía. MÉTODO: Fue realizado un estudio doble ciego en 29 pacientes. Pacientes del Grupo 1 recibieron 13 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25 por ciento con 25 mg de S(+)-cetamina 30 minutos antes de la incisión quirúrgica, y 15 mL de solución salina fisiológica 30 minutos después de la incisión por vía epidural. Pacientes del Grupo 2, recibieron 15 mL de salina 30 minutos antes de la incisión quirúrgica, seguido de 13 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25 por ciento, más 25 mg de S (+)-cetamina 30 minutos después. La analgesia postoperatoria se realizó con bupivacaína y fentanil por vía epidural. Cuando fue necesario, se usó 1 g de dipirona. Se evaluaron: la concentración de citocinas, la intensidad del dolor, el tiempo de la primera solicitación del analgésico, y la cantidad total de analgésico utilizado. RESULTADOS: El tiempo para la primera solicitación de analgésico fue de 61,5 minutos en el Grupo 1 y 69,0 en el Grupo 2, sin haber diferencias entre los grupos. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos para la dosis total de fentanil usada en el Grupo 1 (221,4 µg) y en el Grupo 2 (223,3 µg). Se obtuvo un efecto analgésico parecido en los grupos, con excepción en T12 (Grupo 1 = 2,4 ± 3,2; Grupo 2 = 5,5 ± 3,4). No fue observada diferencia entre los grupos en la concentración de citocinas. CONCLUSIONES: La inyección de 25 mg de S(+)-cetamina por vía epidural antes de la incisión, redujo la intensidad del dolor solamente 12 horas después de la incisión quirúrgica y no alteró la concentración de citocinas.

Associação entre a evolução da disfunção orgânica e as concentrações de citocinas na fase inicial do choque séptico / Association between organ dysfunction and cytokine concentrations during the early phases of septic shock

OBJETIVO: Analisar o comportamento das disfunções orgânicas e sua correlação com a resposta inflamatória, avaliada pelas concentrações basais de citocinas e pela evolução dessas concentrações, na fase precoce do choque séptico. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos e diagnóstico de choque séptico com menos de 48 horas de início das disfunções orgânicas. Foram mensuradas interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 8 (IL-8), interleucina 10 (IL-10) e proteina C reativa na inclusão e após 24 horas, sendo calculado o delta desses valores. A evolução das disfunções orgânicas foi avaliada através do escore Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) na admissão e após 24 horas para determinação do delta SOFA, posteriormente categorizado como piora ou melhora. Os resultados foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão ou mediana (percentil 25 por cento-75 por cento). Consideraram-se significativos resultados com valor descritivo de p menor que 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 41 pacientes com mediana do SOFA de 8,0(6,5 -10,0) e 8,0(6,0-10,0) na admissão (T0) e após 24 horas (T1). Piora, melhora ou ausência de alteração do SOFA foram encontradas respectivamente em 11 (Grupo 1), 17 (Grupo 2) e 13 pacientes (Grupo 3). No grupo 1 os valores basais de IL-6, IL-8 e IL-10 foram mais elevados. No Grupo 1 houve aumento significativo de IL-8 após 24 horas. A variação do SOFA após 24 horas mostrou correlação significativa, embora fraca, com as concentrações basais de IL-6 e IL-8. CONCLUSÃO: As concentrações basais mais elevadas de IL-6, IL-8 e IL-10 associam-se a evolução desfavorável da disfunção orgânica. A elevação das concentrações de IL-8 nas primeiras 24 horas mostrou-se correlacionada a piora dessa disfunção.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of organ dysfunction and its progression with inflammatory response during the early phases of septic shock by assessing baseline cytokine concentrations. METHODS: This study included patients over 18 years old with septic shock within the first 48 hours after the onset of organ dysfunction. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and C-reactive protein levels were assessed at inclusion and after 24 hours, and the differences between these values were calculated. The progression of organ dysfunction was assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score upon admission and 24 hours later for a delta-SOFA determination and were categorized as either worsened or improved. The results were expressed as means + standard deviation or median (25-75 percent percentiles). Values with descriptive p values of 0.05 or less were considered significant. RESULTS: Overall, we included 41 patients with median SOFA scores of 8.0 (6.5-10.0) upon admission (T0) and 8.0 (6.0-10.0) 24 hours later (T1). Worsened, improved or unchanged SOFA scores were observed in 11 (Group 1), 17 (Group 2) and 13 (Group 3) patients, respectively. For Group 1, the baseline IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 values were higher, and a significant increase of IL-8 levels was found after 24 hours. The change in the SOFA score after 24 hours was significantly, although weakly, correlated with baseline IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Higher baseline IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels are associated with unfavorable organ dysfunction outcomes. Increased IL-8 levels within the first 24 hours are correlated with a worsening dysfunction.

Influence of GB virus C on IFN-γ and IL-2 production and CD38 expression in T lymphocytes from chronically HIV-infected and HIV-HCV-co-infected patients

This study was designed to assess the effect of GB virus (GBV)-C on the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in chronically HIV-infected and HIV- hepatitis C virus (HCV)-co-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. A cohort of 159 HIV-seropositive patients, of whom 52 were HCV-co-infected, was included. Epidemiological data were collected and virological and immunological markers, including the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-2 by CD4, CD8 and Tγδ cells and the expression of the activation marker, CD38, were assessed. A total of 65 patients (40.8 percent) presented markers of GBV-C infection. The presence of GBV-C did not influence HIV and HCV replication or TCD4 and TCD8 cell counts. Immune responses, defined by IFN-γ and IL-2 production and CD38 expression did not differ among the groups. Our results suggest that neither GBV-C viremia nor the presence of E2 antibodies influence HIV and HCV viral replication or CD4 T cell counts in chronically infected patients. Furthermore, GBV-C did not influence cytokine production or CD38-driven immune activation among these patients. Although our results do not exclude a protective effect of GBV-C in early HIV disease, they demonstrate that this effect may not be present in chronically infected patients, who represent the majority of patients in outpatient clinics.

Diretrizes para tratamento da sepse grave/choque séptico - abordagem do agente infeccioso - diagnóstico / Guidelines for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock - management of the infectious agent - diagnosis

A sepse tem alta incidência, alta letalidade e custos elevados, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em unidades de terapia intensiva. Está claramente demonstrado que pacientes reconhecidos e tratados precocemente tem melhor prognóstico. Nesse sentido, a abordagem precoce do agente infeccioso, tanto no sentido do diagnóstico como no controle do foco infeccioso são fundamentais para a boa evolução do paciente. A presente diretriz aborda as evidências disponíveis na literatura em relação às principais estratégias para esse diagnóstico.

Sepsis is a common and lethal condition that carries a substantial financial burden and is the primary cause of death in intensive care units. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients has been clearly shown to improve prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis of infections and control of the primary infection site are fundamental to improving patients' prognosis. This guideline reviews the available evidence concerning the primary strategies for the diagnosis of infection.

Diretrizes para tratamento da sepse grave/choque séptico: abordagem do agente infeccioso - controle do foco infeccioso e tratamento antimicrobiano / Guidelines for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock - management of the infectious agent - source control and antimicrobial treatment

A sepse tem alta incidência, alta letalidade e custos elevados, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em unidades de terapia intensiva. Está claramente demonstrado que pacientes reconhecidos e tratados precocemente tem melhor prognóstico. Nesse sentido, a abordagem precoce do agente infeccioso, tanto no sentido do controle do foco infeccioso como da antibioticoterapia adequada são fundamentais para a boa evolução do paciente. A presente diretriz aborda as evidências disponíveis na literatura em relação às principais estratégias para controle e tratamento.

Sepsis is a common and lethal condition that carries a substantial financial burden. In addition, it is the main cause of death in intensive care units. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients has been clearly shown to improve prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis of the infecting agent, control of the primary infection site and the use of appropriate antibiotic therapy are fundamental to improving outcomes. This guideline reviews the available evidence in the literature concerning infection control and therapy strategies.

Diretrizes para tratamento da sepse grave/choque séptico: ressuscitação hemodinâmica / Guidelines for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: hemodynamic resuscitation

A sepse tem alta incidência, alta letalidade e custos elevados, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em unidades de terapia intensiva. Está claramente demonstrado que pacientes reconhecidos e tratados precocemente tem melhor prognóstico. A formulação de diretrizes de tratamento é fundamental para a adequação desse tratamento. Pacientes com claros sinais de hipoperfusão devem ser submetidos à otimização hemodinâmica. A presente diretriz aborda as evidências disponíveis na literatura em relação às principais estratégias para otimização hemodinâmica.

Sepsis has a high incidence, mortality and cost and is the main cause of death in intensive care units. Early recognition and treatment have been clearly associated with a better prognosis. Establishing new guidelines is a fundamental step for improving treatment. Patients with clear signs of hypoperfusion should undergo hemodynamic optimization. This guideline addresses the main strategies in the literature that are clinically available.

Diretrizes para tratamento da sepse grave/choque séptico: avaliação da perfusão tecidual / Guidelines for treatment of severe sepsis/septic shock: tissue perfusion assessment

A sepse tem alta incidência, alta letalidade e custos elevados, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em unidades de terapia intensiva. Está claramente demonstrado que pacientes reconhecidos e tratados precocemente tem melhor prognóstico. A formulação de diretrizes de tratamento é fundamental para a adequação desse tratamento. Pacientes com claros sinais de hipoperfusão devem ser submetidos a otimização hemodinâmica. Assim, o reconhecimento dos sinais de hipoperfusão é um dos principais passos do tratamento. A presente diretriz aborda as evidências disponíveis na literatura em relação aos principais parâmetros hemodinâmicos utilizados atualmente.

Sepsis is a very frequent condition and causes high mortality rates and healthcare costs; it is the main cause of death in intensive care units. Clear, improved prognosis was shown for early diagnosed and treated patients. Treatment guidelines are fundamental for appropriate therapy. It is clear that hypoperfusion patients should be hemodynamically optimized; therefore, recognition of hypoperfusion signs is one of the main therapeutic steps. This guideline discusses the current literature and available data regarding the evaluation of hemodynamic parameters.

Rate and time to develop first central line-associated bloodstream infections when comparing open and closed infusion containers in a Brazilian Hospital

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of switching from an open (glass or semi-rigid plastic) infusion container to a closed, fully collapsible plastic infusion container (Viaflex®) on rate and time to onset of central lineassociated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). An open-label, prospective cohort, active healthcare-associated infection surveillance, sequential study was conducted in three intensive care units in Brazil. The CLABSI rate using open infusion containers was compared to the rate using a closed infusion container. Probability of acquiring CLABSI was assessed over time and compared between open and closed infusion container periods; three-day intervals were examined. A total of 1125 adult ICU patients were enrolled. CLABSI rate was significantly higher during the open compared with the closed infusion container period (6.5 versus 3.2 CLABSI/1000 CL days; RR=0.49, 95 percentCI=0.26- 0.95, p=0.031). During the closed infusion container period, the probability of acquiring a CLABSI remained relatively constant along the time of central line use (0.8 percent Days 2-4 to 0.7 percent Days 11-13) but increased in the open infusion container period (1.5 percent Days 2-4 to 2.3 percent Days 11-13). Combined across all time intervals, the chance of a patient acquiring a CLABSI was significantly lower (55 percent) in the closed infusion container period (Cox proportional hazard ratio 0.45, p= 0.019). CLABSIs can be reduced with the use of full barrier precautions, education, and performance feedback. Our results show that switching from an open to a closed infusion container may further reduce CLABSI rate as well as delay the onset of CLABSIs. Closed infusion containers significantly reduced CLABSI rate and the probability of acquiring CLABSI.

Surveillance programs for detection and characterization of emergent pathogens and antimicrobial resistance: results from the Division of Infectious Diseases, UNIFESP

Several epidemiological changes have occurred in the pattern of nosocomial and community acquired infectious diseases during the past 25 years. Social and demographic changes possibly related to this phenomenon include a rapid population growth, the increase in urban migration and movement across international borders by tourists and immigrants, alterations in the habitats of animals and arthropods that transmit disease, as well as the raise of patients with impaired host defense abilities. Continuous surveillance programs of emergent pathogens and antimicrobial resistance are warranted for detecting in real time new pathogens, as well as to characterize molecular mechanisms of resistance. In order to become more effective, surveillance programs of emergent pathogens should be organized as a multicenter laboratory network connected to the main public and private infection control centers. Microbiological data should be integrated to guide therapy, adapting therapy to local ecology and resistance patterns. This paper presents an overview of data generated by the Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, along with its participation in different surveillance programs of nosocomial and community acquired infectious diseases.

Várias alterações epidemiológicas ocorreram no perfil das doenças infecciosas hospitalares e comunitárias nos últimos 25 anos. Mudanças sociais e demográficas possivelmente relacionadas com esse fenômeno incluem o rápido crescimento populacional, o aumento da migração urbana e deslocamento através de fronteiras internacionais por turistas e imigrantes, alterações nos habitats de animais e artrópodes que transmitem doença assim como o aumento no número de pacientes com deficiências nas respostas de defesa. Os programas contínuos de vigilância de patógenos emergentes e resistência antimicrobiana são necessários para a detecção em tempo real de novos patógenos assim como para caracterizar mecanismos moleculares de resistência. Para serem mais efetivos, os programasde vigilância dos patógenos emergentes devem ser organizados em uma rede de laboratórios multicêntricos ligados aos principais centros de controle de infecções, públicos e privados. Os dados microbiológicos devem ser integrados a guias terapêuticos adaptando práticas terapêuticas à ecologia local eaos padrões de resistência. O artigo apresenta uma revisão dos dados gerados pela Disciplina de Infectologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, contemplando sua participação nos diferentes programas de vigilância de doenças infecciosas hospitalares e adquiridas na comunidade.

Device-associated infection rates in intensive care units of Brazilian hospitals: datos de la Comunidad Científica Internacional de Control de Infecciones Nosocomiales / Tasa de infecciones asociadas a aparatos en unidades de cuidados intensivos de hospitales brasileños: datos de la Comunidad Científica Internacional de Control de Infecciones Nosocomiales

OBJECTIVES: To measure device-associated infection (DAI) rates, microbiological profiles, bacterial resistance, extra length of stay, and attributable mortality in intensive care units (ICUs) in three Brazilian hospitals that are members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). METHODS: Prospective cohort surveillance of DAIs was conducted in five ICUs in three city hospitals in Brazil by applying the definitions of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (CDC-NNIS). RESULTS: Between April 2003 and February 2006, 1 031 patients hospitalized in five ICUs for an aggregate 10 293 days acquired 307 DAIs, a rate of 29.8 percent or 29.8 DAIs per 1 000 ICU-days. The ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate was 20.9 per 1 000 ventilator-days; the rate for central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CVC-BSI) was 9.1 per 1 000 catheter-days; and the rate for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) was 9.6 per 1 000 catheter-days. Ninety-five percent of all Staphylococcus aureus DAIs were caused by methicillin-resistant strains. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to ceftriaxone in 96.7 percent of cases, resistant to ceftazidime in 79.3 percent of cases, and resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam in 85.7 percent of cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa DAIs were resistant to ciprofloxacin in 71.3 percent of cases, resistant to ceftazidime in 75.5 percent of cases, and resistant to imipenem in 27.7 percent of cases. Patients with DAIs in the ICUs of the hospitals included in this study presented extra mortality rates of 15.3 percent (RR 1.79, P = 0.0149) for VAP, 27.8 percent (RR 2.44, P = 0.0004) for CVC-BSI, and 10.7 percent (RR 1.56, P = 0.2875) for CAUTI. CONCLUSION: The DAI rates were high in the ICUs of the Brazilian hospitals included in this study. Patient safety can be improved through the implementation of an ...

OBJETIVOS: Determinar las tasas de infección asociadas a aparatos (IAA), los perfiles microbiológicos, la resistencia bacteriana, la estancia hospitalaria adicional y la mortalidad atribuible en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de tres hospitales brasileños miembros de la Comunidad Científica Internacional de Control de Infecciones Nosocomiales (INICC). MÉTODOS: Se realizó una vigilancia prospectiva de cohorte de las IAA en cinco UCI de tres hospitales urbanos de Brasil, según las definiciones del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Infecciones Nosocomiales de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC-NNIS) de los Estados Unidos de América. RESULTADOS: Entre abril de 2003 y febrero de 2006 se hospitalizaron 1 031 pacientes en las cinco UCI estudiadas, con un total de 10 293 días en los que se adquirieron 307 IAA, para una tasa de 29,8 por ciento (29,8 IAA por 1 000 días-UCI). Las tasas fueron: de 20,9 casos por 1 000 días-ventilador en neumonía asociada a respiradores (NAR); de 9,1 por 1 000 días-catéter en infecciones circulatorias asociadas con cateterismo venoso central (IC-CVC); y de 9,6 por 1 000 días-catéter en infecciones urinarias asociadas con el uso de catéteres (IUAC). De las IAA causadas por Staphylococcus aureus, 95 por ciento se debieron a cepas resistentes a la meticilina. De las infecciones causadas por Enterobacteriaceae, 96,7 por ciento fueron resistentes a la ceftriaxona, 79,3 por ciento a la ceftazidima y 85,7 por ciento a la combinación piperacilina-tazobactam. De las IAA causadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 71,3 por ciento resultaron resistentes a la ciprofloxacina, 75,5 por ciento a la ceftazidima y 27,7 por ciento al imipenem. Los pacientes con IAA en las UCI estudiadas presentaron tasas de mortalidad adicional de 15,3 por ciento (riesgo relativo [RR] = 1,79; P = 0,0149) por NAR, 27,8 por ciento (RR = 2,44; P = 0,0004) por IC-CVC y 10,7 por ciento (RR = 1,56; P = 0,2875) por IUAC. ...

The impact of duration of organ dysfunction on the outcome of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the impact of the duration of organ dysfunction on the outcome of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. METHODS: Clinical data were collected from hospital charts of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted to a mixed intensive care unit from November 2003 to February 2004. The duration of organ dysfunction prior to diagnosis was correlated with mortality. Results were considered significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were enrolled. Mean age was 55.6 ± 20.7 years, mean APACHE II score was 20.6 ± 6.9, and mean SOFA score was 7.9 ± 3.7. Thirty-six patients (64.3 percent) had septic shock. The mean duration of organ dysfunction was 1.9 ± 1.9 days. Within the univariate analysis, the variables correlated with hospital mortality were: age (p=0.015), APACHE II (p=0.008), onset outside the intensive care unit (p=0.05), blood glucose control (p=0.05) and duration of organ dysfunction (p=0.0004). In the multivariate analysis, only a duration of organ dysfunction persisting longer than 48 hours correlated with mortality (p=0.004, OR: 8.73 (2.37-32.14)), whereas the APACHE II score remained only a slightly significant factor (p=0.049, OR: 1.11 (1.00-1.23)). Patients who received therapeutic interventions within the first 48 hours after the onset of organ dysfunction exhibited lower mortality (32.1 percent vs. 82.1 percent, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the diagnosis of organ dysfunction is not being made in a timely manner. The time elapsed between the onset of organ dysfunction and initiation of therapeutic intervention can be quite long, and this represents an important determinant of survival in cases of severe sepsis and septic shock.

Impact of cytomegalovirus and grafts versus host disease on the dynamics of CD57+CD28-CD8+ T cells after bone marrow transplant

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of CD28 and CD57 expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes during cytomegalovirus viremia in bone marrow transplant recipients. METHODS: In a prospective study, blood samples were obtained once weekly once from 33 healthy volunteers and weekly from 33 patients. To evaluate the expression of CD57 and CD28 on CD8+ T lymphocytes, flow cytometry analysis was performed on blood samples for four months after bone marrow transplant, together with cytomegalovirus antigenemia assays. RESULTS: Compared to cytomegalovirus-seronegative healthy subjects, seropositive healthy subjects demonstrated a higher percentage of CD57+ and a lower percentage of CD28+ cells (p<0.05). A linear regression model demonstrated a continuous decrease in CD28+ expression and a continuous increase in CD57+ expression after bone marrow transplant. The occurrence of cytomegalovirus antigenemia was associated with a steep drop in the percentage of CD28+ cells (5.94 percent, p<0.01) and an increase in CD57+ lymphocytes (5.60 percent, p<0.01). This cytomegalovirus-dependent effect was for the most part concentrated in the allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. The development of acute graft versus host disease, which occurred at an earlier time than antigenemia (day 26 vs. day 56 post- bone marrow transplant), also had an impact on the CD57+ subset, triggering an increase of 4.9 percent in CD57+ lymphocytes (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We found continuous relative changes in the CD28+ and CD57+ subsets during the first 120 days post- bone marrow transplant, as part of immune system reconstitution and maturation. A clear correlation was observed between the expansion of the CD57+CD28-CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation and the occurrence of graft versus host disease and cytomegalovirus viremia.

Characterization of an animal model of severe sepsis associated with respiratory dysfunction

PURPOSE: Pathophysiological studies in humans regarding sepsis are difficult to perform due to ethical and methodological concerns. In this context, animal models of sepsis can be useful to better understand this condition and to test therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to characterize a feasible and clinically relevant model of sepsis in pigs that could be useful for testing different therapeutic interventions. METHODS: 5 White Large pigs were anesthetized, arterial and pulmonary catheters were introduced, and sepsis was induced by fecal peritonitis. Several biochemical indicators of organ dysfunction and infectious parameters were measured. The pigs were monitored until death, when fragments of organs were removed for pathology. Three animals without peritonitis served as controls and were sacrificed 24 hours after surgery without developing significant changes in organ function. RESULTS: Septic pigs survived 17 hours on average (range, 16-18 h), and Escherichia coli was recovered from blood cultures. They developed a significant decrease in left ventricular work and a nonsignificant reduction in mixed venous oxygen saturation. Respiratory dysfunction was characterized by a decrease in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio and respiratory compliance. Pathology of the lungs revealed areas of pulmonary collapse, hemorrhage, pulmonary congestion, and discrete neutrophil infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal peritonitis in pigs is a clinically relevant model of sepsis associated with acute lung injury without direct pulmonary insult. This model may prove to be useful for studying pathogenic aspects of secondary lung injury as well as for validating ventilatory or pharmacologic interventions.

PROPOSTA: Estudos sobre sepse envolvendo sua fisiopatologia são difíceis de serem realizados devido a razões éticas e metodológicas. Neste sentido, modelos animais criam oportunidades de estudos para entender a fisiopatologia e testar estratégias terapêuticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi criar um modelo relevante de choque séptico em porcos para testar e entender diferentes intervenções. MÉTODOS: 5 porcos da raça "White Large" foram anestesiados e monitorizados com uma linha arterial e um cateter de artéria pulmonar. Uma peritonite fecal foi induzida através de laparotomia. Marcadores de disfunções orgânicas e infecciosos foram mensurados. Todos porcos evoluíram até a morte e amostras de órgãos foram coletadas para exame anátomo patológico. Três animais controles com o mesmo preparo cirúrgico e sem peritonite foram sacrificados após 24 horas de evolução, sem desenvolver mudanças significativas nas funções orgânicas. RESULTADOS: Os animais séptico sobreviveram na média 17 horas (16 - 18h), e Escherichia coli foi cultivada nas amostras de sangue. Os animais sépticos evoluíram com redução do trabalho de ventrículo esquerdo. A disfunção respiratória foi caracterizada por uma redução na relação PaO2/FiO2 e na complacência respiratória. A anatomia patológica dos pulmões revelou colapso pulmonar, hemorragia, congestão e infiltrado neutrofílico. CONCLUSÕES: A peritonite fecal em porcos é um modelo de choque séptico clinicamente relevante e associada a uma lesão pulmonar sem um insulto direto. Este é um modelo que pode ser utilizado para estudar aspectos fisiopatológicos das lesões pulmonares secundárias, assim como para estudar intervenções ventilatórias ou farmacológicas.